- Dutch1
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
This section consists of two parts: the first deals with appositively used “true” adjectives, whereas the second is concerned with appositively used past and present participles. Although, strictly speaking, the modal infinitives should also be discussed in the second part, this will not be done, since they are already discussed in Section 3.3.3, sub IVB. This section on adjectival postmodification will be brief since the attributive use of adjectival and participle phrases are more extensively dealt with in Chapter A5 and Chapter A9.
Although adjectival modifiers typically appear in prenominal position in Dutch, they can occasionally also occur in postnominal position, where they can be interpreted either as restrictive, as in (550a), or as non-restrictive, as in (550b&c). In contrast to the prenominal ones, postnominal adjectival modifiers are not inflected.
a. | ? | Een olifant | hongerig en kwaad | kan | veel schade | aanrichten. |
an elephant | hungry and angry | can | much harm | prt.-cause | ||
'An elephant hungry and angry can do a lot of harm.' |
b. | Jan, | jaloers op zijn zusje, | scheurde | het boek | kapot. | |
Jan | jealous on his sister | tore | the book | into pieces | ||
'Jan, jealous of his sister, tore the book up.' |
c. | De jongen, | rood van schaamte , | durfde | haar | niet | aan | te kijken. | |
the boy | red with shame | dared | her | not | prt. | to look | ||
'The boy, scarlet with shame, didnʼt dare look at her.' |
Restrictive adjectival postmodification is less common and normally restricted to indefinite noun phrases; only in emphatic and contrastive contexts like (551) can definite noun phrases or proper nouns be used. Since individual-level predicates like intelligent are not likely to be emphatically or contrastively stressed, it does not come as a surprise that the examples in (551) do not accept this adjective.
a. | Deze jongen | jaloers/*intelligent | is tot | alles | in staat. | emphatic | |
this boy | jealous/intelligent | is to | everything | capable | |||
'This boy jealous is capable of everything.' |
b. | Jan kwaad/*intelligent | is te verkiezen | boven | Jan verdrietig. | contrastive | |
Jan angry/intelligent | is to prefer | above | Jan sad | |||
'Jan angry is preferable to Jan sad.' |
Non-restrictive postnominal APs, on the other hand, are quite common and accept all kinds of antecedents. Since the modifier does not serve to restrict or identify the antecedent, the antecedent can be either definite or indefinite, or even a proper noun. Moreover, the adjectives in question can be either stage-level or individual-level, and need not be modified in any particular way, although more or less heavy APs are usually preferred. Some examples are given in (552).
a. | Jan veegde | zijn gezicht, | nog nat ??(van het zweet), | met zijn zakdoek | af. | |
Jan wiped | his face | still wet of the sweat | with his handkerchief | prt. | ||
'Jan wiped his face, still wet with perspiration, with his handkerchief.' |
b. | Haar hoofd, | zo rood als een biet, | steekt | scherp | af | bij haar witte blouse. | |
her head | as red as a beet | contrasts | sharply | prt. | with her white blouse | ||
'Her head, as red as a beet, contrasts sharply with her white blouse.' |
c. | Jan, | jaloers op zijn zusje, | scheurde | het boek | kapot. | |
Jan | jealous on his sister | tore | the book | into pieces | ||
'Jan, jealous of his sister, tore the book up.' |
If we are dealing with a simple AP, the construction can be paraphrased with the adjective in prenominal position, as shown in the (a)-examples in (553). This requires, however, that the prenominal adjective can be given a non-restrictive interpretation, which implies that such paraphrases are restricted to constructions with definite antecedents. The indefinite example in (553b'), although perfectly acceptable, is therefore not a paraphrase of (553b): whereas in (553b) the presupposition is that all elephants are big and heavy, and that all members of this species can therefore cause a great deal of damage, example (553b') rather expresses that only a subset of elephants is big and heavy, and that the members of this subset can cause a great deal of damage.
a. | De atleet, | uitgeput, | haalde | de finish | niet. | |
the athlete | exhausted | made | the finish | not | ||
'The athlete, exhausted, didnʼt make it to the finish.' |
a'. | De uitgeputte atleet | haalde | de finish | niet. | |
the exhausted athlete | made | the finish | not | ||
'The exhausted athlete didnʼt make it to the finish.' |
b. | Olifanten, | groot en zwaar, | kunnen | veel schade | aanrichten. | |
elephants | big and heavy | can | much damage | prt.-cause | ||
'Elephants, big and heavy, can do a lot of harm.' |
b'. | # | Grote en zware olifanten kunnen veel schade aanbrengen. |
Attributively used past and present participle phrases are normally found in prenominal attributive position. Given the fact that these pronominal modifiers have attributive inflection in this position, it is safe to assume that participle phrases of this type are in fact adjectival phrases; see Chapter Chapter A9 for extensive discussion. In this subsection, we will focus on the postnominal use of these phrases.
Postnominal present participle phrases may occur with the same verb types as the prenominal attributive ones. This is illustrated in (554) for non-restrictive postnominal phrases. The modified noun is interpreted as the implied agent of the participle if the verb is intransitive, transitive, or if the verb takes a PP-complement, or as the implied theme, if the verb is unaccusative.
a. | Mijn | voor Philips | werkende | broer | is programmeur. | intransitive | |
my | for Philips | working | brother | is programmer | |||
'My brother who works for Philips is a computer programmer.' |
a'. | Mijn broer, werkend voor Philips, is programmeur. |
b. | De | een vrolijk deuntje | fluitende | jongen | fietste | voorbij. | transitive | |
the | a cheerful tune | whistling | boy | cycled | past | |||
'The boy who was cheerfully whistling a tune, cycled past.' |
b'. | De jongen, een vrolijk deuntje fluitend, fietste voorbij. |
c. | De | van spoor 2 | vertrekkende | trein | is vertraagd. | unaccusative | |
the | from platform 2 | departing | train | is delayed | |||
'The train to Tilburg that is leaving from platform 2, has a delay.' |
c'. | De trein naar Tilburg, vertrekkend van spoor 2, is vertraagd. |
d. | Het op de trein | wachtende | meisje | stampte met haar voeten. | PP-complement | |
the on the train | waiting | girl | stamped with her feet | |||
'The girl who was waiting for the train stamped her feet.' |
d'. | Het meisje, wachtend op de trein, zag er koud en eenzaam uit. |
Like the postnominal adjectives discussed in Subsection I, the postnominal participles in the primed examples of (554d) are normally not inflected. It should be noted, however, that in formal language, it is sometimes possible for the present participle to have the ending -e. An example can be found in (555).
De verdachte, | wonende in Amsterdam, | werd gisteren | gearresteerd. | ||
the suspect, | living in Amsterdam, | was yesterday | arrested | ||
'The suspect, living in Amsterdam, was arrested yesterday.' |
Postnominal restrictive present participle phrases, which are never inflected, are less common than non-restrictive ones, and occur under more or less the same conditions as the postnominal adjectives. The examples in (556) show that they may occur with intransitive and unaccusative verbs as well as with verbs taking a PP-complement, but that the result is degraded if the verb is transitive. The reason for the degraded status of (556b) may be related to the fact that the antecedent and the present participle are not adjacent (as with all non-finite verbs, the object cannot follow the participle either). It should be noted, however, that this gives rise to a less severe result in examples such as (556d'), which seems more or less acceptable (but marked compared to (556d) where the noun and the participle are adjacent).
a. | Mensen | werkend voor hem | zijn | niet | zeker | van hun baan. | intransitive | |
people | working for him | are | not | certain | of their job |
b. | * | Een jongen | een vrolijk deuntje fluitend, | fietste | voorbij. | transitive |
a boy | a cheerful tune whistling | cycled | past |
c. | De trein | vertrekkend van spoor 2 | is vertraagd. | unaccusative | |
the train | leaving from platform 2 | is delayed | |||
'The train leaving from platform 2 has a ten-minute delay.' |
d. | Reizigers | wachtend | op deze trein | krijgen | vertraging. | PP-complement | |
travelers | waiting | for this train | get | delay | |||
'Travelers waiting for this train will get a delay.' |
d'. | ? | Reizigers op de trein naar Breda wachtend krijgen vertraging. |
Another difference between non-restrictive and restrictive present participle phrases is that the former but not the latter allow a copular verb. Postnominal restrictive participle phrases pattern with the attributive construction in this respect.
a. | Mijn vriend, | architect | zijnde, | weet | veel | van dat soort dingen. | |
my friend | architect | being | knows | much | of that kind of things | ||
'My friend, being an architect, knows much about those things.' |
b. | * | Een vriend/Iemand | architect zijnde | weet | veel | van dat soort dingen. |
a friend/someone | architect being | knows | much | of that kind of things |
b'. | * | Mijn architect zijnde vriend weet veel van dat soort dingen. |
Just like attributively used past/passive participle phrases in the primeless examples of (558), the non-restrictive postnominal ones in the primed examples are only acceptable with a transitive or an unaccusative participle: the noun modified is interpreted as the implied theme of the participle, that is, the direct object of the corresponding transitive verb or the subject of the corresponding unaccusative verb; see Section V2.1.2 and Section A9.2 for discussion.
a. | * | Deze | voor hem | gewerkte | man | is niet zeker | van zijn baan. | intransitive |
this | for him | worked | man | is not certain | of his job |
a'. | * | Deze man, gewerkt voor Philips, is niet zeker van zijn baan. |
b. | Deze | in Japan gemaakte | auto | is aanzienlijk goedkoper. | transitive | |
this | in Japan made | car | is considerably cheaper |
b'. | Deze auto, gemaakt in Japan, is aanzienlijk goedkoper. |
c. | De | bij Breda | ontspoorde trein | gaf | veel vertraging. | unaccusative | |
the | near Breda | derailed train | gave | much delay |
c'. | De trein, ontspoord tussen Tilburg en Breda, gaf veel vertraging. |
Example (559a) shows that the modified noun phrase cannot be interpreted as the nominal part of a PP-complement, and (559b) that, in contrast to the present participle, the past participle cannot be a copular. The latter might be surprising given that the copular verb is a kind of unaccusative verb.
a. | * | De | door het meisje | op | gewachte | trein | kwam | te laat. | PP-complement |
the | by the girl | for | waited | train | came | too late |
a'. | * | De trein, <op> gewacht <op> door het meisje, kwam te laat. |
b. | * | Mijn vriend, | architect geweest, | weet | veel van dat soort dingen. | copular |
my friend | architect been | knows | much about that sort of things |
Postnominal restrictive past participle phrases are less common than the non-restrictive ones, and occur under more or less the same conditions as the postnominal adjectives. Again, the participle must be transitive or unaccusative and the modified noun phrase cannot be interpreted as the nominal part of a PP-complement, and the participle cannot be a copular, but this will go unillustrated here.
a. | * | Mensen | gewerkt | voor hem | zijn | niet zeker | van hun baan. | intransitive |
people | worked | for him | are | not certain | of their job |
b. | Autoʼs | gemaakt | in Japan zijn | aanzienlijk goedkoper. | transitive | |
cars | made | in Japan are | considerably cheaper |
c. | De trein ontspoord bij Breda | veroorzaakte | veel vertraging. | unaccusative | |
the train derailed near Breda | caused | much delay |