- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Certain non-attributive adjectives cannot occur as predicates in the full range of predication constructions.
There are some idiomatic non-attributive cases, in which the Adjective Phrase (AP) is restricted to complementive use only: wei dead (literally away), klear ready, ree ready. They seem themselves responsible for the ban on attributive usage. These facts are illustrated below:
| a. | Har man is wei | ||||||||||||||
| her husband is dead | |||||||||||||||
| Her husband is dead | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *Har weie man | ||||||||||||||
| her dead husband | |||||||||||||||
| Her dead husband | |||||||||||||||
| c. | It wurk is klear / ree | ||||||||||||||
| the work is ready / ready | |||||||||||||||
| The work is done | |||||||||||||||
| d. | *it kleare / reeë wurk | ||||||||||||||
| the ready ready work | |||||||||||||||
| The work that is done | |||||||||||||||
The quantifier allinne alone, only can easily be used supplementively and appositively, and is banned attributively:
| a. | De widdo bleau allinne | ||||||||||||||
| the widow stayed alone | |||||||||||||||
| The widow remained alone | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *De allinne widdo | ||||||||||||||
| the alone widow | |||||||||||||||
| The lonely widow | |||||||||||||||
| c. | De widdo waard allinne nei it plysjeburo brocht | ||||||||||||||
| the widow was alone to the police office brought | |||||||||||||||
| The widow was brought to the police office alone | |||||||||||||||
| d. | De widdo, allinne | ||||||||||||||
| the widow alone | |||||||||||||||
| The widow, alone | |||||||||||||||
The adjective wei dead cannot be used supplementively, but appositive use is acceptable.
| a. | *Har man waard wei yn bêd fûn | ||||||||||||||
| her husband was dead in bed found | |||||||||||||||
| Her husband was found dead in bed | |||||||||||||||
| b. | ?Har man, al oeren wei | ||||||||||||||
| her husband DCP hours dead | |||||||||||||||
| Her husband, dead for hours already | |||||||||||||||
In the idiom braak lizze lie fallow, the AP cannot be used attributively, nor supplementively, and appositive use is marginal at best:
| a. | It lân leit braak | ||||||||||||||
| the land lies fallow | |||||||||||||||
| The land lies fallow | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *It brake lân | ||||||||||||||
| the fallow land | |||||||||||||||
| Lit: The fallow land | |||||||||||||||
| c. | *De boer ploegde it lân braak | ||||||||||||||
| the farmer ploughed the land fallow | |||||||||||||||
| The farmer ploughed the land fallow | |||||||||||||||
| d. | ?It lân, al jierren braak, waard lang om let bebouwd | ||||||||||||||
| the land DCP years fallow was long at late cultivated | |||||||||||||||
| The land, (that had lain) fallow for years, was finally cultivated | |||||||||||||||
Apparently, the AP forms an idiomatic combination in which the presence of the verb is indispensable. Correspondingly, analogues of the ungrammatical cases are perfect once the verb is added:
| a. | It braak lizzende lân | ||||||||||||||
| the fallow lying land | |||||||||||||||
| The fallow lying land | |||||||||||||||
| b. | Amper braaklizzend waard it lân al wer bebouwd | ||||||||||||||
| hardly fallow.lying was the land DCP again cultivated | |||||||||||||||
| Hardly having lain fallow, the land was cultivated again | |||||||||||||||
| c. | It lân, al jierren braaklizzend | ||||||||||||||
| the land already years fallow.lying | |||||||||||||||
| The land, already having lain fallow for years | |||||||||||||||
In the idiom deilis wêze be at odds, the AP cannot be used attributively or supplementively, but appositive use seems acceptable. Apparently, wêze be is not an obligatory part of deilis wêze be at odds, unlike lizze lie in braak lizze lie fallow.
| a. | The buorlju binne deilis | ||||||||||||||
| the neighbours are at.odds | |||||||||||||||
| Lit: The neighbours are at odds | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *De deilisse buorlju | ||||||||||||||
| the at.odds neighbours | |||||||||||||||
| The neighbours that are at odds | |||||||||||||||
| c. | *De buorlju bestjoere de auto deilis | ||||||||||||||
| the neighbours drive the car at.odds | |||||||||||||||
| The neighbours drive the car at odds | |||||||||||||||
| d. | ?De buorlju, al jierren deilis | ||||||||||||||
| the neighbours already years at.odds | |||||||||||||||
| The neighbours, already at odds for years | |||||||||||||||
It is unclear, though, why no supplementive examples can be construed. It always seems to be the case that appositive use is more restricted than supplementive use. The adjective gelyk identical is used predicatively but not attributively:
| a. | Dy twa boesgroentsjes binne gelyk | ||||||||||||||
| those two shirts are identical | |||||||||||||||
| Those two shirts are identical | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *Twa gelike boesgroentsjes | ||||||||||||||
| two identical shirts | |||||||||||||||
| Two identical shirts | |||||||||||||||
The same applies to the adjective ûngelyk not identical. The adjective gelikens identical is used attributively, but not predicatively:
| a. | Twa gelikense boesgroentsjes | ||||||||||||||
| two identical shirts | |||||||||||||||
| Two identical shirts | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *Dy twa boesgroentsjes binne gelikens | ||||||||||||||
| those two shirts are identical | |||||||||||||||
| Those two shirts are identical | |||||||||||||||
The same remarks apply to the adjective ûngelikens not identical. The adjective lyk alike is used predicatively but not attributively:
| a. | De twa keaplju binne lyk | ||||||||||||||
| the two merchants are even | |||||||||||||||
| The two merchants are alike | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *De twa like keaplju | ||||||||||||||
| the two even merchants | |||||||||||||||
| Lit: The two alike merchants | |||||||||||||||
The supplementive construction only allows the form gelyk identical:
| a. | Ik ha de twa boesgroentsjes gelyk tekene | ||||||||||||||
| I have the two shirts identical drawn | |||||||||||||||
| I have drawn the two shirts as identical | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *Ik ha de twa boesgroentsjes gelikens tekene | ||||||||||||||
| I have the two shirts identical drawn | |||||||||||||||
| I have drawn the two shirts as identical | |||||||||||||||
| c. | *Ik ha de twa boesgroentsjes lyk tekene | ||||||||||||||
| I have the two shirts identical drawn | |||||||||||||||
| I have drawn the two shirts as identical | |||||||||||||||
The appositive construction likewise has a preference for the form gelyk identical, as shown below:
| a. | De twa boesgroentsjes, wakker gelyk / lyk | ||||||||||||||
| the two shirts quite identical | |||||||||||||||
| The two shirts, quite identical | |||||||||||||||
| b. | ?De twa boesgroentsjes, wakker lyk | ||||||||||||||
| the two shirts quite identical | |||||||||||||||
| The two shirts, quite identical | |||||||||||||||
| c. | *De twa boesgroentsjes, wakker gelikens | ||||||||||||||
| the two shirts quite identical | |||||||||||||||
| The two shirts, quite identical | |||||||||||||||
More details can be found in Hoekstra (1988) and Tamminga (1963:160-164).
- Hoekstra, Jarich1988Gelyk, gelikens, lykFriesch Dagblad05-03Taalsnipels 67
- Tamminga, Douwe Annes1963Op 'e taelhelling. Losse trochsneden fan Frysk taellibben. IBoalsertA.J. Osinga
