- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
A predication may involve an AP that is predicated of an argument, which (unlike an adjunct) is a necessary component of the relevant clause. The relation between predicate and argument may be modified by the outer structure containing them. An example of a predication is provided below:
Ek vind hom interessant. |
I find him interesting. |
In the example below, the outer structure of a predication has been bracketed:
[Ek vind] hom interessant. |
Predications can be classified according to the syntactic and semantic type of their outer structure:
Predications can be classified according to the syntactic category of the argument and according to the syntactic category of the predicate. In the example below, the argument of the predication, Jan, has been bracketed:
Sy vind [Jan] gaaf. |
She finds [Jan] likeable. |
There are three types of predicative constructions providing an outer structure, and an example of each of them is provided below.
- Complementive: In a complementive construction, the presence of the predicate is required by the larger structure in which it occurs. This larger structure generally involves a main verb. The verb in the outer structure cannot occur without the AP. Examples containing copulas occur below:
Example 4
Die kind is sopnat. the child is soup.wet The child is sopping wet. Example 5
Martie bly kwaad vir my. Martie stays cross for me Martie remains cross with me. Example 6
Jy het die antwoord verkeerd. you have the answer wrong You have got the answer wrong. - Supplementive: In supplementive and appositive constructions, the predication is an optional addition to the outer structure and to a nominal argument in it, for example dronkdrunk in example (7) below.
Example 7
Gert het dronk by die deur ingestrompel. Gert has drunk stumbled by the door in Gert stumbled in through the door, drunk. - Appositive: In appositive structures, the predication is not integrated in the syntactic structure, as signalled by the comma intonation.
Example 8
Toe gaan Jesus, uitgeput van die reis, by die fontein van Jakob sit. then went Jesus, exhausted from the journey, by the fountain of Jacob sit Then Jesus, tired as he was from the journey, sat down by Jacob's well.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Articulatory correlates of stress
[71%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics
[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Stem allomorphy
[67%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[72%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[71%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Breaking: phonological aspects
[71%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Breaking
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[70%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- The liquids
[70%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants
- Nasalization
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Articulatory correlates of stress in Afrikaans
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
- Lowering of front mid vowel /ɛ/
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Ambisyllabicity
[68%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Phrase-based compounds
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Conversion
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[69%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Synthetic compounds
[69%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Weak verbs
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -DIM (diminutive)
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- ûnt-
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Prefixation > Verbal prefixes > Verb as base
- General categories
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Prefixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Meaning of affixes
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.2.3. Semantic classification of main verbs
[73%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.2. Verb classifications
- Introduction
[73%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 1.3.1.3. Ing-nominalization
[72%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 3.1. Main types
[72%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Preface and acknowledgments
[72%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- Predication
[88%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases
- Predication and noun incorporation
[81%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[73%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- With om
[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Predication > Predicates > Infinitival
- Argument types
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Predicate
[75%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Complementive constructions
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Equative
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Type of NP in PP and linear order
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Complementation
